فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1401)

Several studies have examined the effect of chronic aerobic training on factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different intensities of chronic aerobic training (low, medium and high) on alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamine transferase in men and women of different ages. Done in 1400. Databases, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched along with keywords. A total of 120 non-review articles with appropriate quality of aerobic training were reviewed and 22 articles were meta-analyzed. Accordingly, 1560 people with an average (52 ± 10 years) Fatty liver disease was examined. The effects of the intervention were evaluated using SMD and stochastic effects model. In the results of meta-analysis of aerobic training in general with any intensity significantly reduces the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamine transferase. Alanine aminotransferase levels decreased more in high-intensity training than in moderate-intensity training (P = 0.01). Aspartate aminotransferase levels decreased more in moderate-intensity training (P = 0.001) than in high-intensity training (P = 0.03). The effect of high-intensity and moderate-intensity training on gamma glutamine transferase levels was not significant (P = 0.2).Keywords: Non-alcoholic fatty liver, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Aerobic training, training intensity

Obesity disrupts the expression and secretion of adipokines which also leads to disruption of various biological functions in the body, and causes secondary diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The discovery of the leptin (one of the most important adipokines) has aroused great interest in the treatment of obesity, because this hormone is known as an appetite control hormone and has a role in regulating of food intake, energy consumption and energy balance of the whole body. Plasma leptin levels have positive correlation with body fat and respond to changes in energy balance. Leptin by flowing through the blood-brain barrier of the hypothalamus, reduces the secretion of appetite-stimulating hormones and increases appetite-suppressing hormones. Therefore, controlling leptin signals in hypothalamus can provide a remedy to obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. Exercise is one of the most important controller of leptin secretion; hence this systematic review has striven to examine the effect of exercise on appetite hormones in obesity and diabetes with emphasis on the role of leptin in adipose tissue and hypothalamus cross talk. To this end, Google Scholar, PumMed, Scopus, SID, Noor and Mgiran databases were searched and published studies between 2000 and July 30, 2021 were analyzed. Seemingly, it was concluded that exercise increases leptin levels and stimulates the expression of appetite suppressor genes but inhibits the expression of appetite-stimulating genes;

The aim of the present study was to develop and update of national physical fitness norm in men and women aged 60-18 in Shahrekord. The research method was applied descriptive and the statistical population included women and men aged 18-60 years old living in Shahrekord. Sampling method is systematic and the sample size was 384 people that in order to solve the possible error in the data collection,, 400 samples were selected in Shahrekord city. The results of the study showed that for men and women the mean weight were 78.37 and 84. 66 (kg), height were 176.68 and 197.169 (cm), the fat percentage were 23.41 and 32.35, cardio respiratory endurance 28.30 and 30.93 (ml/kg/min), flexibility were 34.97 and 30.30 (cm), handgrip were 96.21 and 83.63 kg, shoulder muscle endurance were 39.63 and 28.31 repeats, abdominal muscular endurance were 43.06 and 34.29, repeat, WHR were 0.87 and 0.84, and BMI were 25.44 and 23.94 (kg/m2), respectivle. Regarding the present situation in Shahrekord, it seems men in terms of the body mass index, weight and overweight, and on the border between normal weight and women have normal weight. However, it is expected that these people, have at least physical fitness which can be used to maintain physical and mental health and to take daily life.

To enhance knowledge about the role of regular physical activity on brain structure and function in multiple sclerosis, this study designed to investigate the effect of 6-month home-based exercise on the thalamic pathology and metabolites concentration using magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion and spectroscopy techniques. In this study, 56 people with multiple sclerosis (39 female and 13 male, age: 37.33±9.59 year) were randomly divided into two groups, home-based exercise and control. Intervention include aerobic (3-session per week, 50-75 % heart rate reserve) and resistance (2-session per week, rating of perceived exertion 5-8) exercise. Brain and thalamic volume using magnetic resonance imaging, thalamic metabolites using spectroscopy, and microstructure changes using diffusion technique were assessed before and after the intervention. Results showed that six months of home-based exercise did not have a significant effect on brain, thalamic volume and diffusion parameters including fractional anisotropy, mean penetration, axial penetration and radial penetration (p>0.05). Thalamic metabolites analysis showed that home-based exercise resulted in a significant increase in the ratio of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate to creatine (p<0.007) and a significant decrease in the ratio of choline to creatine and inositol to creatine (p<0.22 and p<0.002, respectively). Overall, the results provided evidence about the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on thalamic metabolites associated with myelin loss and axonal function in the brain of people with MS using spectroscopy imaging. However, home-based exercise was not associated with change in diffusion parameters as indicators of changes in thalamic microstructures, which may indicate that longer-term intervention is needed.

Exercise as a modulator of circadian rhythm causes post exercise hypotension, the magnitude, and duration of this hypotensive effect are differ depending on many situations, including changes in the autonomic system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of morning and evening exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart hemodynamic and autonomic variables. 8 young healthy men (mean 32 ± 3 years old) attended the laboratory in 3 different sessions and performed an HIIE included 10 reps at 90% and 9 recoveries at 30% of VO2max in the morning (08:00) and evening (16:00) and a control. In all three sessions 24hr assessment of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure was measured every 15 min (day) and every 45 min (night) and every 5 min for autonomic variables (nuLF، nuHF، nuLFHFR and VLF). The results showed that the BP changes after exercise are visible to 19hr and 20hr in the morning and evening, respectively (p<0.01). The average changes in BP in sleep, awake and 24hr assessment showed that the BP is significantly lower after exercise compared to the control trial (p<0.01). In addition, 3 to 8 hours after exercise in the morning and 5 to 6 hours after exercise in the afternoon post exercise hypotension occurred (p<0.05). In conclusion, exercise regardless of performing time of day has a lowering effect on hemodynamic variables. Furthermore, morning exercise had more impact on decreasing the BP during sleep, while evening exercise had more impact on awake and 24hr BP.

Ceramides are a family of fat molecules that play an important role in glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of resistance training on ceramide metabolism and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese young men. 33 overweight and obese men (age: 17.7 ± 0.13 years, weight: 92 ± 2.45 kg, BMI: 30.70 ± 1.32 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into three groups. The training program consisted of 12 weeks of traditional and circular resistance training that was exactly the same size and pattern as the wave, which was performed three sessions per week. Blood samples were gathered after 8 hours of fasting and 48 hours before and after the last training program. HPLC method was used to measure serum ceramide levels. The results showed There was no significant difference between the two resistance training protocols in serum ceramide (p = 0.71) and insulin sensitivity (p = 0.47). Two circular and traditional exercises with significant changes in lipid profile and significant increase in insulin sensitivity levels (p = 0.008), (p = 0.001) respectively. But decrease in ceramide (p = 0.001) was observed only in circular exercises. According to the results of the present study, that serum lipid and ceramide profile levels decreased during circular resistance training with increasing insulin sensitivity. And this decrease may indicate a decrease in metabolic risk factors.

Stevia and vanadium have been shown to affect blood sugar regulation. Accordingly, the simultaneous study of endurance activity and consumption of vanadium and stevia extract on the liver tissue of diabetic rats was considered.

The 35 male rats (180±10 g) (6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into 7 groups: control, diabetic, diabetic+exercise, diabetic+vanadium, diabetic+exercise+vanadium, diabetic+stevia and diabetic+ exercise+stevia. To induce type1 diabetes, streptozotocin (55mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, and vanadium extract (1mg/ml) was dissolved in water daily. The training program consisted of eight weeks of running, five days a week, starting at 15 minutes at 20 meters/minute and ending at 35 minutes at 30 meters/minute in the final week. Histopathological changes in liver tissue were examined using a light microscope. In order to normalize the parametric data, Shapiro-Wilk test and for their analysis, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test, and for non-parametric data, Kruskal-Wallis test (p≤0.05) was used.

Body weight values in all six experimental groups compared to the healthy control group (p=0.001), in the vanadium group compared to the vanadium+exercise (p=0.01), and in stevia+exercise group compared to stevia (p=0.04), decreased significantly. Cell, central and lobular vein destruction, and sinusoidal space were ameliorated by exercise intervention, vanadium and stevia (alone as well as concomitantly), but only vanadium+exercise was effective in inflammation and hyperemia (p=0.001).

Eight weeks of endurance exercise, stevia and vanadium intake appear to be effective in regulating body weight as well as improving the liver damage caused by diabetes.